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Dr Kamal Gholipour is the authors who received grant. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This study was funded by Tabriz University of medical science, Approval ID IR.TBZMED.REC.1399.1054 (grant number: 66442). Received: Accepted: NovemPublished: November 23, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Iezadi et al. PLoS ONE 16(11):Įditor: Prasenjit Mitra, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, INDIA
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(2021) Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies need to address the impact of NPHIs on the population’s other health problems than COVID-19.Ĭitation: Iezadi S, Gholipour K, Azami-Aghdash S, Ghiasi A, Rezapour A, Pourasghari H, et al.
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With the problems that remain regarding universal access to vaccines and their effectiveness and considering the drastic impact of the nationwide lockdown and other harsh restrictions on the economy and people’s life, such interventions should be mitigated by adopting other NPHIs such as mass mask-wearing, patient/suspected case isolation strategies, and contact tracing. The majority of NPHIs had positive effects on restraining the COVID-19 spread. A few studies showed that, early enforcement of lockdown, when the incidence rate is not high, contributed to a shorter duration of lockdown and a lower increase of the case growth rate in the post-lockdown era. Results of the meta-analysis showed that adoption of NPHIs has resulted in a 4.68% (95% CI, -6.94 to -2.78) decrease in daily case growth rates, 4.8% (95 CI, -8.34 to -1.40) decrease in daily death growth rates, 1.90 (95% CI, -2.23 to -1.58) decrease in the COVID-19 reproduction number, and 16.5% (95% CI, -19.68 to -13.32) decrease in COVID-19 daily ICU admission. Although studies were from both low-income and high-income countries, the majority of them were from the United States (13 studies) and China (five studies). Finally, 35 articles qualified to be included in the systematic review among which 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our search strategies in major databases yielded 12,523 results, which decreased to 7,540 articles after eliminating duplicates. Main outcomes included COVID-19 case growth rate (percentage daily changes), COVID-19 mortality growth rate (percentage daily changes), COVID-19 ICU admission (percentage daily changes), and COVID-19 reproduction number changes. Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random-effects model was performed. We used PRISMA 2020 guidance for abstracting the data and used Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Practice (EPOC) Risk of Bias Tool for quality appraisal of the studies. Interventions were NPHIs categorized as lockdown, stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and other interventions (mask-wearing, contact tracing, and school closure). The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42020186855. Peer-reviewed quasi-experimental studies were included in the review. The key terms were primarily drawn from Medical Subject Heading (MeSh and Emtree), literature review, and opinions of experts. from late December 2019 to February 1, 2021. We searched relevant electronic databases, including Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, etc.
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In this systematic review, we aimed to examine the effects of NPHIs on the COVID-19 case growth rate, death growth rate, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and reproduction number in countries, where NPHIs have been implemented. Therefore, they cannot individually prove if these interventions have been effective in reducing the spread of the infection and its adverse health outcomes. Studies on the effectiveness of NPHSs are single studies conducted in specific communities. Despite available evidence regarding the effectiveness of NPHSs, there is still no consensus about how policymakers can trust these results. Non-Pharmaceutical Public Health Interventions (NPHIs) have been used by different countries to control the spread of the COVID-19.